November is here, and in a lot of cities that means frosty mornings, icy sidewalks and wind whipping between buildings. Your dog still needs to go out, of course. But how cold is too cold?
There’s no single magic number. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) says a dog’s cold tolerance depends on their coat, body fat, activity level and health. A useful rule from Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine: if it’s too cold for you, it’s likely too cold for your dog.
Fur isn’t a free pass
Many people assume dogs handle cold better than we do because of their fur. The AVMA says that isn’t true. Like people, dogs can get frostbite and hypothermia, and they should generally be kept inside during cold weather. Thick-coated breeds such as huskies are more cold-tolerant, but no dog should be left outside for long periods in below-freezing weather.
Which dogs feel the cold most
According to the AVMA, some dogs get cold faster than others:
- Short-haired dogs, because they have less protection.
- Short-legged dogs, whose bellies are closer to the snow-covered ground.
- Very young and very old dogs.
- Dogs with health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease or hormonal imbalances such as Cushing’s disease, which can make it harder to regulate body temperature.
- Arthritic and older dogs, who may also slip more easily on snow and ice.
Keep freezing-weather walks short
On really cold days, a shorter walk is the kinder walk. In an AKC article, veterinarian Dr. Wooten recommends keeping outings below 32°F to no more than 10 to 15 minutes for small dogs. Washington State University’s veterinary hospital gives similar advice: most dogs, especially thinner-coated ones, shouldn’t be exposed to freezing temperatures for more than 10 to 15 minutes without access to a warmer space.
For apartment dogs, that might mean a quick potty break outside, then making up the exercise indoors with games, sniffing puzzles or a round of hallway fetch. Our guide to indoor fetch toys that won’t scuff floors has some neighbor-friendly ideas.
Signs your dog is too cold
Cornell’s vets say to move your dog somewhere warm and dry if you notice:
- Shivering
- Whining or barking
- Tail tucking or a hunched posture
- Lifting paws off the ground
- Not wanting to keep walking
- Suddenly anxious behavior
Dress for the weather
If your dog has a short coat or seems bothered by the cold, the AVMA suggests a sweater or dog coat. Keep a spare on hand, because a wet coat can actually make your dog colder. The AKC also advises making sure your dog is dry before heading out, since damp areas are more vulnerable to frostbite. If wet, slushy sidewalks are your usual winter scene, our guide to dog rain jackets for wet city walks can help.
Don’t forget the paws
City sidewalks in winter mean ice and de-icing salt. Cornell notes that paws can get cracks or cuts from ice and salt, and snowballs can build up between the toes. Both the AVMA and Cornell recommend wiping or washing your dog’s feet, legs and belly when you get home, so they don’t lick off de-icers or other chemicals. Well-fitting booties are another option if your dog will wear them.
When to call your vet
Frostbite most often affects the ears, paws and tail tips, and Cornell says it can take a few days to show the full damage. If you think your dog may have frostbite or hypothermia, bring them somewhere warm and contact your veterinarian right away.
Stay cozy out there, and enjoy those crisp (and short!) winter walks.
Sources: American Veterinary Medical Association, “Cold weather animal safety”; Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, “Winter safety tips”; American Kennel Club, “How Long Can You Keep Your Dog Outside?” and “Hypothermia in Dogs: How Cold Is Too Cold?”; Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, “When is it too cold for your pet?”
This post is general information, not a substitute for advice from your own veterinarian.